Rust 1.54を早めに深掘り

こんにちは、R&Dチームの齋藤(@aznhe21)です。 オリンピックでは日本が金メダルラッシュですね!現地まで見に行けない分テレビ前での応援に力が入ります。

さて、本日、日本時間7/30(金)、Rust 1.54がリリースされました。 この記事ではRust 1.54での変更点を詳しく紹介します。

7/30は映画「モスラ」公開の日 総天然色 ラスト1.54

ピックアップ

個人的に注目する変更点を「ピックアップ」としてまとめました。 全ての変更点を網羅したリストは変更点リストをご覧ください。

一部の属性内で値としてマクロを使えるようになった

#[doc]など組込みの属性の中で、値としてマクロを使えるようになりました。

例えばこのように、ドキュメントにクレートのバージョンを含めることが出来ます。

// `/// version: 0.1.0`と書くのと同等
#[doc = concat!("version: ", env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))]
pub const VERSION: &str = env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION");

また、README.mdを取り込むことでドキュメントの整備が簡単になります。

// lib.rs

// ここでREADME.mdの内容がクレートのドキュメントとして取り込まれる。
#![doc = include_str!("README.md")]

WebAssemblyでSIMDが使えるようになった

arch::wasm32モジュール内の関数が安定化されてSIMDが使えるようになりました。 画像処理や機械学習などの高速化が期待出来ます。

eBPF向けにビルド出来るようになった

最近話題のeBPF向けに、ターゲットbpfel-unknown-none及びbpfeb-unknown-noneを使ってビルド出来るようになりました。 bpfel-unknown-noneはリトルエンディアン、bpfeb-unknown-noneはビッグエンディアンのようです。

ただし、これはティア3としてのサポートであるため動作は保証されておらず、場合によっては誤った動作をすることがあります。

安定化されたAPIのドキュメント

安定化されたAPIのドキュメントを独自に訳して紹介します。リストだけ見たい方は安定化されたAPIをご覧ください。

BTreeMap::into_keys

原典

impl<K, V> BTreeMap<K, V> {
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "map_into_keys_values", since = "1.54.0")]
    pub fn into_keys(self) -> IntoKeys<K, V>
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

全てのキーを、ソートした状態で所有権を奪いつつループするイテレーターを生成する。 このメソッドを呼び出したあとはマップを使うことは出来なくなる。 イテレーターの要素型はK

サンプル
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut a = BTreeMap::new();
a.insert(2, "b");
a.insert(1, "a");

let keys: Vec<i32> = a.into_keys().collect();
assert_eq!(keys, [1, 2]);

BTreeMap::into_values

原典

impl<K, V> BTreeMap<K, V> {
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "map_into_keys_values", since = "1.54.0")]
    pub fn into_values(self) -> IntoValues<K, V>
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

全ての値を、キーでソートされた状態で所有権を奪いつつループするイテレーターを生成する。 このメソッドを呼び出したあとはマップを使うことは出来なくなる。 イテレーターの要素型はV

サンプル
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

let mut a = BTreeMap::new();
a.insert(1, "hello");
a.insert(2, "goodbye");

let values: Vec<&str> = a.into_values().collect();
assert_eq!(values, ["hello", "goodbye"]);

HashMap::into_keys

原典

impl<K, V, S> HashMap<K, V, S>
where
    K: Eq + Hash,
    S: BuildHasher,
{
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "map_into_keys_values", since = "1.54.0")]
    pub fn into_keys(self) -> IntoKeys<K, V>
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

全てのキーを、任意の並び順で所有権を奪いつつループするイテレーターを生成する。 このメソッドを呼び出したあとはマップを使うことは出来なくなる。 イテレーターの要素型はK

サンプル
use std::collections::HashMap;

let mut map = HashMap::new();
map.insert("a", 1);
map.insert("b", 2);
map.insert("c", 3);

let vec: Vec<&str> = map.into_keys().collect();

HashMap::into_values

原典

impl<K, V, S> HashMap<K, V, S>
where
    K: Eq + Hash,
    S: BuildHasher,
{
    #[inline]
    #[stable(feature = "map_into_keys_values", since = "1.54.0")]
    pub fn into_values(self) -> IntoValues<K, V>
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

全ての値を、任意の並び順で所有権を奪いつつループするイテレーターを生成する。 このメソッドを呼び出したあとはマップを使うことは出来なくなる。 イテレーターの要素型はV

サンプル
use std::collections::HashMap;

let mut map = HashMap::new();
map.insert("a", 1);
map.insert("b", 2);
map.insert("c", 3);

let vec: Vec<i32> = map.into_values().collect();

arch::wasm32

原典

wasm32プラットフォーム特有の、プラットフォーム依存の組込み関数群。

原典

impl<T> VecDeque<T> {
    #[stable(feature = "vecdeque_binary_search", since = "1.54.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn binary_search(&self, x: &T) -> Result<usize, usize>
    where
        T: Ord,
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

ソートされたVecDequeを指定された値で二分探索する。

値が見つかれば、一致した要素のインデックスを含むResult::Okが返る。 複数の一致がある場合にどの要素が返るかは分からない。 値が見つからなければ、ソート状態を維持したまま要素を挿入出来るインデックスを含むResult::Errが返る。

サンプル

4つの要素を検索する。 この時、1番目の値は特定の位置で見つかる。 2番目と3番目の値は見つからない。 4番目の要素は[1, 4]のいずれかの位置で見つかる。

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = vec![0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55].into();

assert_eq!(deque.binary_search(&13),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search(&4),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search(&100), Err(13));
let r = deque.binary_search(&1);
assert!(matches!(r, Ok(1..=4)));

ソート済みのVecDequeに、ソート状態を維持したままアイテムを挿入する場合。

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let mut deque: VecDeque<_> = vec![0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55].into();
let num = 42;
let idx = deque.binary_search(&num).unwrap_or_else(|x| x);
deque.insert(idx, num);
assert_eq!(deque, &[0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 42, 55]);

VecDeque::binary_search_by

原典

impl<T> VecDeque<T> {
    #[stable(feature = "vecdeque_binary_search", since = "1.54.0")]
    pub fn binary_search_by<'a, F>(&'a self, mut f: F) -> Result<usize, usize>
    where
        F: FnMut(&'a T) -> Ordering,
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

ソートされたVecDequeを比較関数を用いて二分探索する。

比較関数は、対象のVecDequeにおけるソート順と一致するように、 目的要素と引数からLessEqual、またはGreaterを示す順序コードを返すように実装するべきである。

値が見つかれば、一致した要素のインデックスを含むResult::Okが返る。 複数の一致がある場合にどの要素が返るかは分からない。 値が見つからなければ、ソート状態を維持したまま要素を挿入出来るインデックスを含むResult::Errが返る。

binary_searchbinary_search_by_key、 またpartition_pointも参照されたい。

サンプル

4つの要素を検索する。 この時、1番目の値は特定の位置で見つかる。 2番目と3番目の値は見つからない。 4番目の要素は[1, 4]のいずれかの位置で見つかる。

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = vec![0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55].into();

assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&13)),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&4)),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&100)), Err(13));
let r = deque.binary_search_by(|x| x.cmp(&1));
assert!(matches!(r, Ok(1..=4)));

VecDeque::binary_search_by_key

原典

impl<T> VecDeque<T> {
    #[stable(feature = "vecdeque_binary_search", since = "1.54.0")]
    #[inline]
    pub fn binary_search_by_key<'a, B, F>(&'a self, b: &B, mut f: F) -> Result<usize, usize>
    where
        F: FnMut(&'a T) -> B,
        B: Ord,
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

ソートされたVecDequeを指定されたキー抽出関数で二分探索する。

VecDequeがキーによってソートされていると仮定する。 例えば同じキー抽出関数を用いてmake_contiguous().sort_by_key()を呼び出してソートする。

値が見つかれば、一致した要素のインデックスを含むResult::Okが返る。 複数の一致がある場合にどの要素が返るかは分からない。 値が見つからなければ、ソート状態を維持したまま要素を挿入出来るインデックスを含むResult::Errが返る。

binary_searchbinary_search_by、 またpartition_pointも参照されたい。

サンプル

4つの要素を、2番めの要素でソートされたスライスから検索する。 この時、1番目の値は特定の位置で見つかる。 2番目と3番目の値は見つからない。 4番目の要素は[1, 4]のいずれかの位置で見つかる。

use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = vec![(0, 0), (2, 1), (4, 1), (5, 1),
         (3, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 5), (5, 8), (3, 13),
         (1, 21), (2, 34), (4, 55)].into();

assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by_key(&13, |&(a, b)| b),  Ok(9));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by_key(&4, |&(a, b)| b),   Err(7));
assert_eq!(deque.binary_search_by_key(&100, |&(a, b)| b), Err(13));
let r = deque.binary_search_by_key(&1, |&(a, b)| b);
assert!(matches!(r, Ok(1..=4)));

VecDeque::partition_point

原典

impl<T> VecDeque<T> {
    #[stable(feature = "vecdeque_binary_search", since = "1.54.0")]
    pub fn partition_point<P>(&self, mut pred: P) -> usize
    where
        P: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
    { /* 実装は省略 */ }
}

与えられた述語関数において分割位置となるインデックスを返す(2つ目の区画での最初の要素のインデックス)。

デキューは与えられた述語関数で分割されていると仮定される。 つまり、述語関数がtrueを返す全ての要素はスライスの先頭に、述語関数がfalseを返す全ての要素はスライスの末尾に位置していると仮定される。 例えば[7, 15, 3, 5, 4, 12, 6]は述語関数x % 2 != 0で分割されている(全ての奇数は先頭に、全ての偶数は末尾にある)。

もしデキューが分割されていない場合、このメソッドは二分探索の一種を使用するため、戻り値は不定で無意味な値となる。

binary_searchbinary_search_by、 またbinary_search_by_keyも参照されたい。

サンプル
use std::collections::VecDeque;

let deque: VecDeque<_> = vec![1, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7].into();
let i = deque.partition_point(|&x| x < 5);

assert_eq!(i, 4);
assert!(deque.iter().take(i).all(|&x| x < 5));
assert!(deque.iter().skip(i).all(|&x| !(x < 5)));

変更点リスト

公式リリースノートをベースに意訳・編集・追記をした変更点リストです。

言語

コンパイラ

※Rustのティアで管理されるプラットフォームの詳細はPlatform Supportのページ(英語)を参照

ライブラリ

安定化されたAPI

※各APIのドキュメントを独自に訳した安定化されたAPIのドキュメントもご参照ください。

Cargo

互換性メモ

関連リンク

さいごに

次のRust 1.55は2021/9/10(金)に予定されています。 配列の要素をイテレーターを経由せずにmap()出来るようになったり、MaybeUninitに対して安全に値を書き込めるようになったりするようです。

オプティムでは羽化前のエンジニアを募集しています。

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